Introduction
CHAPTER I: ECOSYSTEM definition, components andexamples.........................................5
1.System concept........................................................................................................................5
2. Ecosystem ...............................................................................................................................5
2. Ecosystem as system...............................................................................................................6
4. Biotopes...................................................................................................................................7
5. Bicenose..................................................................................................................................8
6.Forest ecosystem.....................................................................................................................9
7. Desert ....................................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER II: ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT AGAINST NATURE ....................................13
1. Destructionofplant andanimalgroups (Biodiversityloess)...............................................13
2. Habitatdestruction...............................................................................................................14
2.1. Deforestation......................................................................................................................14
2.1.1. Deforestationconsequences.............................................................................................15
2.1.2. Actiontostophabitatdestructionbydeforestation.........................................................16
2.2. Urbanization.......................................................................................................................17
2.2.1. Theurbanenvironment....................................................................................................18
2.2.2.Waysurbaziationcontributes tohabitatdestruction........................................................19
2.2.3.consequencesofhabitatdestructionbyurbanization......................................................20
2.2.4.Ways to mitigate habitatdestructionbyurbanization.....................................................20
3.Pollution................................................................................................................................20
3.1.Waterpollution...................................................................................................................20
3.1.1.Waterpollutionsources...................................................................................................21
3.1.2. Adverse effectsof waterpollution...................................................................................21
3.1.3. How topreventWaterpollution......................................................................................23
3.2. Airpollution.......................................................................................................................23
II
3.2.1.Sourcesof airpolluants ...................................................................................................23
3.2.2. Airpollutioneffects.........................................................................................................24
3.2.3. Airpollutioneffectsonhealth.........................................................................................24
3.2.4. A fragileShield:Why AirPollution Threatens OurPlanet.............................................24
3.2.5. Acidrain..........................................................................................................................25
3.2.6. Depletionof stratospheric Ozone....................................................................................26
3.2.7. Greenhouseeffect............................................................................................................28
3.2.8. How toreduce airpollution.............................................................................................29
3.3.Soilpollution......................................................................................................................30
3.3.1. Causesof soilpollution...................................................................................................30
3.3. Effectsof soilpollution......................................................................................................30
3.3.Solutions for soilpollution.................................................................................................30
4.Overexploitation....................................................................................................................31
4.1. Key Areasof Overexploitation...........................................................................................31
4.2. Consequencesof Overexploitation.....................................................................................31
4.3. Examplesof Overexploitation............................................................................................32
4.2.Solutionandsustainablepracticesof Overexploitation......................................................32
4.2. Consequencesof Overexploitation.....................................................................................31
CHAPTER III: ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT FOR NATURE.............................................33
1. Nature conservation..............................................................................................................33
1.1. Keyaspects of nature conservation...................................................................................33
1.2. Strategies fornature conservation.....................................................................................33
1.3. Challenges innature conservation....................................................................................34
1.4. What you cando to help?.................................................................................................34
2. Nature restoration.................................................................................................................35
2.1. Keyaspects of nature restoration......................................................................................35
2.2. approachof nature restoration..........................................................................................35
2.3. Benefits innature restoration............................................................................................36
2.4. Challenges innature restoration........................................................................................36
III
2.5. Examplesof nature restoration.........................................................................................37
3. Renewable energyandsustainablepractices........................................................................37
3.1. Renewableenergy.............................................................................................................37
3.1.1. Typesof Renewable energy..........................................................................................37
3.2. Sustainablepractices.........................................................................................................38
3.2.1. Examplesof sustainablepractices.................................................................................38
3.3. Benefitsofusing Renewable energyandsustainablepractices........................................38
4.Scientificunderstandingandsolutions.................................................................................39
4.1. Scientificunderstandingroles...........................................................................................39
4.2. Examplesof scientificunderstandinginaction................................................................40
4.3. Challenges andconsideration............................................................................................40
5. Improved Human well-being...............................................................................................41
5.1.Dimensionsof well-being..................................................................................................41
5.2.Approachtoimproving Human well-being.......................................................................42
5.3. Roleofdifferent actors .....................................................................................................43
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................74
BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................77