Research is the systematic, diligent, and creative process of investigating a subject to discover new information, revise existing theories, or apply knowledge to solve problems. It involves gathering, organizing, and analyzing data to answer specific questions, typically requiring a structured approach—such as forming a hypothesis, collecting evidence, and drawing conclusions.

Classroom-based research is a systematic process of inquiry conducted by instructors in their own classrooms. It aims to enhance teaching effectiveness, improve student outcomes, develop innovative practices, and advance the knowledge of higher education. The findings of classroom-based research studies often have strong external validity, meaning they can be extended to other similar classrooms and settings